Constraints of learning mathematics: A systemic historical review of the literature

In addition to the natural language, human beings hold an intuitive sense of counting. We have the ability to determine the number of objects in a small collection and carry out simple additions and subtractions without direct instruction. By the age of ten, a child understands about 10,000 words and speaks its native language with 95% accuracy. However, by the age of eleven, some children already claim that they do not understand mathematics. Why is that so? One reason is that spoken language and number sense are survival skills but abstract mathematics is not. This article presents a review of literature on the teaching of mathematics. Which web of interactions is established in the teaching-learning process of this subject? How much of what has been said and written about this process is merely a myth? This article aims at contributing in some way to the demystification and improvement of success in mathematics. It is, therefore, essential to understand the structural framework of theoretical research on the various approaches on the term learning and specifically on the difficulties in learning mathematics. This implies reviewing a set of internal (brain function, spoken language and learning style) and external constraints (sociocultural factors and teaching styles).