優質睡眠與工作壓力對澳門博彩員工之相關性研究

『輪班制度』造成了工作者不規律的工作和作息時間,形成日、夜顛倒的生活模式,擾亂身體的生理時鐘的規律,其最大的影響莫過於睡眠的品質。睡眠品質的好壞直接影響我們的日常生活、情緒及工作最佳效果,長期睡眠品質差會產生壓力慢慢形成憂鬱狀態。尤其女性因受到女經週期的影響,不同時期(排卵期、黃體期、月經來潮、停經、懷孕及產後等等)都會出現不同的睡眠形態,若加上輪班工作更令睡眠品質趨向複雜化。睡眠品質差、憂鬱程度及工作壓力高,如果得不到適當舒緩,一環扣一環,形成惡性循環,工作者長期在這種工作模式中工作,這不但會影響最佳的生產力,更影響個人的生理及心理健康發展。
目的: 本研究在探討博彩業員工處於『輪班制度』的工作性質對睡眠品質、憂鬱程度和工作壓力的相關性影響。
方法:邀請澳門六個博彩持牌公司員工為調查對象,採用"方便樣本抽樣法"為研究方法,以受訪者的基本資料、匹茲堡睡眠品質量表(PSQI)、貝克憂鬱量表-II(BDI-II)及工作壓力源亞量表(Job Pressure)為收集樣本。本研究發出問卷共 300份,成功回收 257 份,回收率為 85.7%,有效樣本為 255 份,無效樣本為 2 份。
結果:240 名的受訪者需要輪班工作(佔總體人數 94.1%),只有 15 名是選擇長期固定於夜班工作。女性有 155 名,男性為 99 名。平均年齡組群為 25~34 歲。研究結果發現所有受訪者的睡眠品質平均得分為 8.3 分呈現偏差的情況;其女性平均值(8.7 土 3.7)得分比男性高,顯示睡眠品質比男性差;從年齡組群方面女性的睡眠品質比男性差,尤其是青年至中年階層的年齡組群 25~34 歲(8.3 土 3.4)、35~44 歲(8.8 土 4.4)和 45~54 歲(8.4 土 2.8)比其他的兩個年齡組群 21~24 歲(7.3 土 2.7)和 55 歲或以上(7.3 土 2.6)為差。所有受訪者平均得分為 16.7 分為輕度至中度的憂鬱程度。而女性平均值(18.1 土 11.7)得分高於男性,顯著女性的憂鬱程度比男性為高;年齡組群方面 21~24 歲(24.3 土 14.2)的憂鬱程度最為嚴重,其他的組群均呈現著憂鬱的特徵。叧外,為針對女性於月經週期對睡眠品質與憂鬱程度之研究,結果發現女性於月經週期間睡眠品質差與憂鬱程度欠佳有明顯的相關趨勢。155名女性當中有 46 名表示月經週期間出現不規律情況而影響睡眠品質偏差(10.5 土4.1 )及出現憂鬱程度(17.2 土 9.6 )之特徵。此外,155 名女性中有 64 名女性表示月經期間感到壓力的狀態下出現睡眠品質差(9.9土4)與憂鬱程度高(16.3土9.1 )之情況。
結論:本研究發現所有受訪者皆呈現睡眠品質偏差、憂鬱程度呈現輕至中度及評級為高的工作壓力。研究結果顯示:睡眠品質、憂鬱程度與工作壓力成正相關連,睡眠品質越差,憂鬱程度越高;工作壓力越高,最容易出現憂鬱程度的特徵;睡眠品質越差,呈現工作壓力越高;員工處於輪班制度的工作環境中工作,一環扣一環,形成惡性循環。
建議:建議企業顧主可針對員工的工作性質,應多提出改善員工因輪班制度所產生的不良影響,提出有效的方案,改善作息時間,減低員工的工作壓力與心理負擔,促進身心健康及有效改善睡眠品質。

『Shift System』gives rise to the problems of irregular work and rest schedule,sleep-wake reversal, biological clock confusion and detriment sleep quality are its outcomes. Sleep quality directly influences daily routine, emotion and maximum work efficiency. Inferior sleep quality in long-term could create stress and gradually forming depressive state. Especially during menstrual period (ovulation, luteal phase, on period, pregnancy, postpartum and amenorrhea), females would be affected with their sleep quality. Further, shift work could complicate the interacting factors affecting sleep quality. With poor sleep quality; feeling depressed and stressful, this is a vicious cycle if this situation is not to be resolved. Consequently, personnel could not perform the maximum work efficiency and effectiveness because it could influence individual’s physical and psychological health development.
Purpose
This research aimed to investigate the interrelationship among sleep quality, depressive level and job pressure among gaming workers who work under shiftsystem.
Method
Gaming workers of six local gaming concessionaires were invited as respondents. Convenience sampling was used to collect demographic data with Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Beck's Depressive Inventory (BDI-II) and Job Pressure Questionnaire. There were 257 out of total 300 samples collected (85.7% overall response rate), 255 samples were valid and only 2 were invalid.
Results
Majority of the respondents works on shift (240 people, 94.1% of total number). Only 15 respondents have chosen long-term fixed night shift. There are 155 female respondents and 99 male respondents. Averaged age group is 25~34. Result shows that all respondents’ sleep quality in average is 8.3 in the global scores, which represents poor sleep quality. Females (8.7土3.7) has poorer sleep quality than males. In comparing the age groups, females slept worse than males, particularly in the age group of 25~34 (8.3 土 3.4), 35~44 (8.8 土 4.4) and 45~54 (8.4 土 2.8), they present worse results than the age group of 21~24 (7.3 土 2.7) and 55 and above (7.3 土 2.6).
All respondents suffered from mild to moderate level of depressive states (averaged scores of 16.7) with females scores higher (18.1 土 11.7) than males. All age groups showed symptoms of depression with the age group of 21~24 (24.3 土 14.2) had the worst situation. In addition, after investigating the correlation of female’s menstrual period and depressive level, females tend to have poorer sleep quality and feeling of depressed during menstrual period. 46 of the 155 female respondents demonstrate irregular menstrual period causing poor sleep quality (10.5 土 4.1) and depression (17.2 土 9.6). Furthermore, 64 female respondents felt pressured and have poor sleep quality during menstrual period (9.9 土 4) and felt more depressed (16.3 土 9.1).
Conclusions
This research found that all respondents have inferior sleep quality, and suffering from mild to moderate depression level and high job pressure. The result showed positive relationship exists among sleep quality, depression and job pressure. The poorer sleep quality, the higher the level of depression. With higher job pressure, the easier they get depressed. The poorer sleep quality, the higher the job pressure. As employees work on shift, vicious cycle would appear as a consequence.
Recommendations
It is recommended that employers reduce the negative effect caused by shift system towards employees by considering various work natures. Employers can form effective schemes such as increased rest time between different shifts, relieve staff work stress and psychological burden, promote physical and psychological health and improve sleep quality.